virus

Vaccine News – Natural News – Is the FLU SHOT an IQ test to eliminate stupid people? & Government Vaccine Injury Report Continues to Prove Flu Vaccines are Destroying Lives

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – Nov 2000

Study – An emergent poxvirus from humans and cattle in Rio de Janeiro State: Cantagalo virus may derive from Brazilian smallpox vaccine.

Damaso CR, Esposito JJ, Condit RC, Moussatché N.
Author information
Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Vírus, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, CCS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-900, Brazil.

Abstract
The biological properties of poxvirus isolates from skin lesions on dairy cows and milkers during recent exanthem episodes in Cantagalo County, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, were more like vaccinia virus (VV) than cowpox virus. PCR amplification of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene substantiated the isolate classification as an Old World orthopoxvirus, and alignment of the HA sequences with those of other orthopoxviruses indicated that all the isolates represented a single strain of VV, which we have designated Cantagalo virus (CTGV). HA sequences of the Brazilian smallpox vaccine strain (VV-IOC), used over 20 years ago, and CTGV showed 98.2% identity; phylogeny inference of CTGV, VV-IOC, and 12 VV strains placed VV-IOC and CTGV together in a distinct clade. Viral DNA restriction patterns and protein profiles showed a few differences between VV-IOC and CTGV. Together, the data suggested that CTGV may have derived from VV-IOC by persisting in an indigenous animal(s), accumulating polymorphisms, and now emerging in cattle and milkers as CTGV. CTGV may represent the first case of long-term persistence of vaccinia in the New World.

The United States Court of Federal Claims
OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
No. 14-1101V
Filed: May 4, 2015
On April 30, 2015, respondent filed her Rule 4(c) Report [“Respondent’s Report”], in which she concedes that petitioner is entitled to compensation in this case. Respondent’s Report at4. Specifically, respondent submits that “a preponderance of the evidence indicates that petitioner experienced a syncopal episode within one hour of receiving his HPV vaccination, and that the syncope was the proximate cause of his head injury.” Id.
Respondent further submits that the medical records establish petitioner “met the statutory requirements by suffering the condition for more than six months” and “has satisfied all legal prerequisites for compensation under the Act.” Id.
In view of respondent’s concession and the evidence before me, I find that petitioner is entitled to compensation.

Government Vaccine Injury Report Continues to Prove Flu Vaccines are Destroying Lives
Government Issues First Report in 2017 on Vaccine Injuries and Deaths: 275 Injured 4 Dead from Flu Shot
These quarterly meetings include a report from the Department of Justice (DOJ) on cases settled for vaccine injuries and deaths as mandated by the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (NVICP).
The NVICP was started as a result of a law passed in 1986 that gave pharmaceutical companies total legal immunity from being sued due to injuries and deaths resulting from vaccines.
Drug manufacturers in the vaccine market can now create as many new vaccines as they desire, with no risk of being sued if their product causes injury or death.
This has resulted in a huge increase of vaccines entering the market, and the U.S. government, through the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), is the largest purchaser of these vaccines, spending in excess of $4 billion taxpayer dollars each year to purchase these vaccines.
If you or a family member is injured or dies from vaccines, you must sue the federal government in this special vaccine court. Many cases are litigated for years before a settlement is reached.

VAXXED TV – Almost Like It Was Uncontrollable

I’m One That Got Bullied

These 3 Things

Military Vaccines Trigger Peanut Allergy

HEALTH SERVICES LET THIS HAPPEN | Jonathan Irwin, Ireland 2017
Jonathan Irwin explains how the Gardasil HPV vaccine has injured his daughter, and how the health services in Ireland have done nothing to help.

HPV Vaccine Failure

This is the reason. It’s the Gardasil.

The Best A Pediatrician Can Do

Should I Get The HPV Vaccine?

Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. on Tucker Carlson Tonight

Flu Shots Double Your Chances Of Catching The Flu The Following Year
Alex Jones and Dr. Ed Group discuss how receiving a flu shot will actually double your chances of catching the flu the following year.

The Alex Jones Channel – Schools Bully Children To Take Vaccines
Alex Jones talks with Dr. Edward Group about how you can detoxify your body and stay healthy.

Natural News – Is the FLU SHOT an IQ test to eliminate stupid people?
Is the flu shot a nationwide IQ test / experiment being run by globalists to “thin the herd” and eliminate people who are stupid enough to line up for flu shots?
It sounds whacky, but this is exactly how globalists think…
Learn more at http://Vaccines.news and http://Depopulation.news

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ONE FOR ISRAEL Ministry – Jewish Johnathan Ben-David forgave his killer and you would not believe why!!!

How to accept Jesus Christ as your personal Saviour

Testimony by Phil Robertson from Duck Dynasty

1 Corinthians 15 Authorized (King James) Version (AKJV)
1 Moreover, brethren, I declare unto you the gospel which I preached unto you, which also ye have received, and wherein ye stand;
2 by which also ye are saved, if ye keep in memory what I preached unto you, unless ye have believed in vain.
3 For I delivered unto you first of all that which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures;
4 and that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures:

Hebrews 6 Authorized (King James) Version (AKJV)
1 Therefore leaving the principles of the doctrine of Christ, let us go on unto perfection; not laying again the foundation of repentance from dead works, and of faith toward God,
2 of the doctrine of baptisms, and of laying on of hands, and of resurrection of the dead, and of eternal judgment.
3 And this will we do, if God permit.
4 For it is impossible for those who were once enlightened, and have tasted of the heavenly gift, and were made partakers of the Holy Ghost,
5 and have tasted the good word of God, and the powers of the world to come,
6 if they shall fall away, to renew them again unto repentance; seeing they crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh, and put him to an open shame.
7 For the earth which drinketh in the rain that cometh oft upon it, and bringeth forth herbs meet for them by whom it is dressed, receiveth blessing from God:
8 but that which beareth thorns and briers is rejected, and is nigh unto cursing; whose end is to be burned.

Isaiah 53 – Old testament Prophecy about Jesus

1 Who hath believed our report? and to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed?
2 For he shall grow up before him as a tender plant,and as a root out of a dry ground:he hath no form nor comeliness;and when we shall see him,there is no beauty that we should desire him.
3 He is despised and rejected of men;a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief:and we hid as it were our faces from him;he was despised, and we esteemed him not.
4 Surely he hath borne our griefs,and carried our sorrows:yet we did esteem him stricken,smitten of God, and afflicted.
5 But he was wounded for our transgressions,he was bruised for our iniquities:the chastisement of our peace was upon him;and with his stripes we are healed.
6 All we like sheep have gone astray;we have turned every one to his own way;and the Lord hath laid on him the iniquity of us all.
7 He was oppressed, and he was afflicted,yet he opened not his mouth:he is brought as a lamb to the slaughter,and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb,so he openeth not his mouth.
8 He was taken from prison and from judgment:and who shall declare his generation? for he was cut off out of the land of the living:for the transgression of my people was he stricken.
9 And he made his grave with the wicked,and with the rich in his death;because he had done no violence,neither was any deceit in his mouth.
10 Yet it pleased the Lord to bruise him;he hath put him to grief:when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin,he shall see his seed, he shall prolong his days,and the pleasure of the Lord shall prosper in his hand.
11 He shall see of the travail of his soul, and shall be satisfied:by his knowledge shall my righteous servant justify many;for he shall bear their iniquities.
12 Therefore will I divide him a portion with the great,and he shall divide the spoil with the strong;because he hath poured out his soul unto death:and he was numbered with the transgressors;and he bare the sin of many,and made intercession for the transgressors.

The Only Sin That Leads To Hell – Kenneth E Hagin

Vaccine News – VAXXED TV – It only takes one & Study – Effect of immunization against rubella on lactation products

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – May 1982

Study – Effect of immunization against rubella on lactation products.
I. Development and characterization of specific immunologic reactivity in breast milk.

Abstract
The development of an immune response to rubella virus in milk, serum, and nasopharyngeal secretions was studied in lactating postpartum women after immunization with HPV-77 De5 or RA 27/3 live, attenuated rubella virus vaccine administered subcutaneously or intranasally. Over 69% of the women shed virus in milk after immunization. A predictable nasopharyngeal IgA and serum IgG antibody response to rubella virus was observed after subcutaneous or intranasal immunization with RA 27/3 vaccine. Little or no nasopharyngeal antibody response was seen after subcutaneous immunization with HPV-77 DE5 vaccine. A virus-specific IgA antibody response in milk was seen in all women. The presence of rubella virus in breast milk seemed to potentiate the peak levels of virus-specific antibody in the milk. Cellular immune reactivity to rubella virus in milk was observed in all vaccine groups. Thus, the virus-specific immune response induced in human milk after immunization with rubella virus vaccine may be intimately linked with the reactivity in bronchial lymphoid tissue.

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – May 1982

Study – Effect of immunization against rubella on lactation products.
II. Maternal-neonatal interactions.

Abstract
The transmission of rubella virus to newborn infants via the process of breast-feeding was studied after immunization of 16 breast-feeding and 10 non-breast-feeding mothers with HPV-77 DE5 live, attenuated rubella virus vaccine administered subcutaneously or RA 27/3 live, attenuated rubella virus vaccine administered intranasally or subcutaneously in the immediate postpartum period. Infectious rubella virus or virus antigen was observed in the breast milk of 11 (68%) of the 16 vaccinated, breast-feeding women studied. After maternal immunization, infectious rubella virus or virus antigen was recovered from the nasopharynx and throat of 56% of the breast-fed infants and from none of the non-breast-fed infants. Of the breast-fed infants, 25% showed transient seroconversion to rubella virus but without any clinical disease. No rubella virus-specific seroconversion was observed in the non-breast-fed infants. These observations provide strong support for the communicability of rubella virus to neonates via the process of breast-feeding.

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – Jul 1991

Study – Effect of prior immunity on the shedding of virulent revertant virus in feces after oral immunization with live attenuated poliovirus vaccines.

Ogra PL, Faden HS, Abraham R, Duffy LC, Sun M, Minor PD.
Author information
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo.

Abstract
Groups of infants were immunized with one or two doses of orally inoculated live attenuated Sabin poliovirus vaccine (OPV group) or with one or two doses of enhanced-potency inactivated poliovirus vaccine (EIPV) administered parenterally followed by one or two doses of OPV (EIPV-OPV group). The fecal specimens from both groups were tested for poliovirus shedding 1-2 months after OPV. The virus isolates were examined for nucleic acid sequences in the 5′ noncoding regions (bases 480, 481, and 472 for serotypes 1, 2, and 3, respectively) to determine whether the viruses shed represented nonattenuated revertants, attenuated parent vaccine strains (nonrevertants), or both. In the OPV group, 4 of the 6 virus isolates recovered 30-60 days after the first immunization dose and 1 of the 3 isolates obtained after the second dose were found to be nonrevertants (parent vaccine strain). In contrast, 11 of the 12 isolates in the EIPV-OPV group were of the nonvaccine revertant virus types. The frequency for reversion appeared to differ for different poliovirus serotypes. However, all revertant type 3 isolates were recovered from subjects previously immunized with EIPV.

VAXXED TV – The vitamin with a black box warning

I said please give him everything

I wish she could go to school and show everybody how healthy she is

Three days after his first birthday

Both of their husbands are pastors

From that day on

It’s called an encephalitic cry

It only takes one

Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome

The ALex Jones Channel – Vaccine Damage Is Now A Global Pandemic
Infowars reporter Rob Dew interviews Lori Gregory, vaccine researcher and editor of The Mom Street Journal on the now global crisis that has resulted from vaccine injury.

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ONE FOR ISRAEL Ministry – Jewish Johnathan Ben-David forgave his killer and you would not believe why!!!

How to accept Jesus Christ as your personal Saviour

Testimony by Phil Robertson from Duck Dynasty

Isaiah 53 – Old testament Prophecy about Jesus

The Only Sin That Leads To Hell – Kenneth E Hagin

Vaccine News – VAXXED TV – Your facebook posts are making a difference & Study – Eczema vaccinatum resulting from the transmission of vaccinia virus from a smallpox vaccinee: an investigation of potential fomites in the home environment

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – Apr 2012

Study – Differentiating the wild from the attenuated during a measles outbreak

Nestibo L, Lee BE, Fonseca K, Beirnes J, Johnson MM, Sikora CA.
Author information
Communicable Disease Control, Alberta Health Services;

Abstractin
In the midst of a local measles outbreak, a recently immunized child was investigated for a new-onset measles-type rash. Nucleic acid testing identified that a vaccine-type measles virus was being shed in the urine. Clinically differentiating measles from a nonmeasles rash is challenging, but can be supported by a thorough medical history evaluation. Rashes are expected to occur after immunization; nucleic acid testing can be used when it is difficult to differentiate between wild and attenuated strains.

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – Jan 2009

Study – Eczema vaccinatum resulting from the transmission of vaccinia virus from a smallpox vaccinee: an investigation of potential fomites in the home environment.

Lederman E, Miramontes R, Openshaw J, Olson VA, Karem KL, Marcinak J, Panares R, Staggs W, Allen D, Weber SG, Vora S, Gerber SI, Hughes CM, Regnery R, Collins L, Diaz PS, Reynolds MG, Damon I.
Author information
Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. edith.lederman@med.navy.mil

Abstract
On March 3, 2007, a 2-year-old boy was hospitalized with eczema vaccinatum. His two siblings, one with eczema, were subsequently removed from the home. Swabs of household items obtained on March 13th were analyzed for orthopoxvirus DNA signatures with real-time PCR. Virus culture was attempted on positive specimens. Eight of 25 household samples were positive by PCR for orthopoxvirus; of these, three yielded viable vaccinia virus in culture. Both siblings were found to have serologic evidence of orthopoxvirus exposure. These findings have implications for smallpox preparedness, especially in situations where some household members are not candidates for vaccination.

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – Jan 2005

Study – Effect of different immunisation schedules on the excretion and reversion of oral poliovaccine strains.

Minor PD, Dunn G, Ramsay ME, Brown D.
Author information
National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK. pminor@nibsc.ac.uk

Abstract
Excretion of live oral poliovaccine and molecular markers of increased virulence in the viruses isolated were examined in children who were either previously immunised with inactivated or live vaccine or were unimmunised. There appeared to be some effect of previous immunisation with either live or killed vaccine at the second dose of live vaccine. Where an effect was seen it took the form of reduced rates of excretion, shorter time periods of excretion and more rapid and complete reversion of the excreted virus. The data are consistent with the view that poliovirus is able to escape the immune pressure in the gut to some extent by improving its general fitness rather than direct evasion of immunity.

VAXXED TV – These 3 Moms, The 1st of Many

What does this law mean for your family?

Learn to bypass your own obstacles

How can you fight that?

What Causes “Lazy Eye”?

Right then I knew they were all lying

It’s not like this in Germany

Are these vaccines safe?

Your facebook posts are making a difference

Addressing ridiculous topics #peepsTV #Praybig

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FOR ISRAEL Ministry – Jewish Johnathan Ben-David forgave his killer and you would not believe why!!!

How to accept Jesus Christ as your personal Saviour

Testimony by Phil Robertson from Duck Dynasty

Isaiah 53 – Old testament Prophecy about Jesus

The Only Sin That Leads To Hell – Kenneth E Hagin

Vaccine News – VAXXED TV – Flu Shot Killed Grandpa & Study – Detection of measles virus RNA in urine specimens from vaccine recipients

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – 2002

Study – Vitamin A for treating measles in children.

D’Souza RM, D’Souza R.
Author information
National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia, 0200. rennie.dsouza@anu.edu.au
Update in
Vitamin A for treating measles in children. [Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005]

Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Measles is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality. Vitamin A deficiency is a recognised risk factor for severe measles. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends administration of an oral dose of 200,000 IU (or 100,000 IU in infants) of vitamin A per day for two days to children with measles in areas where vitamin A deficiency may be present.

OBJECTIVES:
The purpose of this review is to determine whether vitamin A when commenced after measles has been diagnosed, is beneficial in preventing mortality, pneumonia and other complications in children.

SEARCH STRATEGY:
MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 1999 were searched.

SELECTION CRITERIA:
Only randomized controlled trials in which children with measles were given vitamin A or placebo along with standard treatment were considered.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:
Studies were assessed independently by two reviewers. The analysis of dichotomous outcomes was done using the StatXact software package. Sub-group analyses were done for dose, formulation, age, hospitalisation and pneumonia specific mortality. Weighted mean difference with 95% CI were calculated for continuous outcomes.

MAIN RESULTS:
The relative risks (RR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) are based on the estimates from the StatXact software package. There was no significant reduction in mortality in the vitamin A group when all the studies were pooled together (RR 0.60; 95% CI 0.32 to 1.12)(StatXact estimate). There was a 64% reduction in the risk of mortality in children who were given two doses of 200,000 IU of vitamin A (RR=0.36; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.82) as compared to placebo. Two doses of water based vitamin A were associated with a 81% reduction in risk of mortality (RR=0.19; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.85) as compared to 48% seen in two doses of oil based preparation (RR=0.52; 95% CI 0.16 to 1.40). Two doses of oil and water based vitamin A were associated with a 82% reduction in the risk of mortality in children under the age of 2 years (RR=0.18; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.61) and a 67% reduction in the risk of pneumonia specific mortality (RR=0.33; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.92). There was no evidence that vitamin A in a single dose of 200,000 IU was associated with a reduced risk of mortality among children with measles (RR=0.77; 95% CI 0.34 to 1.78). Sub-groups like age, dose, formulation, hospitalisation and case fatality in the study area were highly correlated and there were not enough studies to separate out the individual effects of these factors. There was a 47% reduction in the incidence of croup (RR=0.53; 95% CI 0.29 to 0.89), while there was no significant reduction in the incidence of pneumonia (RR=0.92; 95% CI 0.69 to 1.22) or of diarrhoea (RR=0.80; 95% CI 0.27 to 2.34). Duration of diarrhoea was measured in days and there was a reduction in its duration of almost two days WMD -1.92, 95% CI -3.40 to -0.44. Only one study evaluated otitis media and found a 74% reduction in its incidence (RR=0.26, 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.92). We did not find evidence that a single dose of 200,000 IU of vitamin A per day, given in oil-based formulation in areas with low case fatality, was associated with reduced mortality among children with measles. However, there was evidence that the same dose given for two days was associated with a reduced risk of overall mortality and pneumonia specific mortality.

REVIEWER’S CONCLUSIONS:
Although we did not find evidence that a single dose of 200,000 IU of vitamin A per day was associated with reduced mortality among children with measles, there was evidence that the same dose given for two days was associated with a reduced risk of overall mortality and pneumonia specific mortality. The effect was greater in children under the age of two years. There were no trials that compared a single dose with two doses, although the precision of the estimates of trials that used a single dose were similar to the trials that used two doses.

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – Sep 1995

Study – Detection of measles virus RNA in urine specimens from vaccine recipients.

P A Rota, A S Khan, E Durigon, T Yuran, Y S Villamarzo, and W J Bellini
Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.

ABSTRACT
Analysis of urine specimens by using reverse transcriptase-PCR was evaluated as a rapid assay to identify individuals infected with measles virus. For the study, daily urine samples were obtained from either 15-month-old children or young adults following measles immunization. Overall, measles virus RNA was detected in 10 of 12 children during the 2-week sampling period. In some cases, measles virus RNA was detected as early as 1 day or as late as 14 days after vaccination. Measles virus RNA was also detected in the urine samples from all four of the young adults between 1 and 13 days after vaccination. This assay will enable continued studies of the shedding and transmission of measles virus and, it is hoped, will provide a rapid means to identify measles infection, especially in mild or asymptomatic cases

Hepatita B: vaccinul si testele de anticorpi – escrocherie patentata

Unul din vaccinurile “cruciale” din schemele recomandate pe intreg mapamondul este vaccinul anti hepatita B.
Diagnosticul de asa-zisa “hepatita B” este de fapt descrierea simptomelor: hepatitis = inflamarea ficatului. Ca atare, hepatita B nu are cum sa fie o boala, ci este o descriere de simptome care indica o afectiune grava a ficatului si care nu este cauzata de niciun virus, deoarece nu exista in intreaga literatura medicala vreo sursa care sa demonstreze faptul ca vreun virus ar cauza hepatita B.
In schimb, exista multe studii si lucrari stiintifice despre modul cum in mod special vaccinul antihepatic distruge ficatul.In conformitate cu prospectul vaccinului antihepatic, iata ce reactii adverse au fost raportate dupa administrarea vaccinului antihepatic B:
Herpes zoster, meningita, trombocitopenie, reactie anafilactoida, anafilaxa; sindromul hipersensitivitatii, inclusiv artralgie/artrita (de obicei temporara), febra, reactii dermatologice gen urticarie, eritem multiform, echimoze, erythema nodosum, apoi encefalita, encefalopatie, migrene, scleroza multipla, nevrita, neuropatie inclusiv hipoestezie faciala, parestezie, sindromul Guillain-Barré, paralizie Bell, nevrita optica, paralizii, pareze, convulsii, sincope, mielita transversa, conjunctivita, keratita, tulburari vizuale, dureri de urechi, tinnitus, vertigo, palpitatii, tahicardie, vasculita, apnee, spasme bronhice inclusiv simptome astmatice, dispepsie, alopecie, angioedema, eczeme, eriteme multiforme inclusiv sindromul Stevens-Johnson, erythema nodosum, lichen planus, purpura, artrita, slabiciuni musculare.

VAXXED TV – Their Names Will Never Be On This Bus

I Gave The Shot

Two Doses of MMR

Force Vaccinated By Her Father

MMR During Pregnancy

I’m Done.

Fully Recovered From Autism

Flu Shot Killed Grandpa

He Brought Me a List with 17 Empty Spaces

You Have an Obligation to Your Children to Research It

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ONE FOR ISRAEL Ministry – Jewish Johnathan Ben-David forgave his killer and you would not believe why!!!

How to accept Jesus Christ as your personal Saviour

Testimony by Phil Robertson from Duck Dynasty

Corinthians 15 Authorized (King James) Version (AKJV)

1 Moreover, brethren, I declare unto you the gospel which I preached unto you, which also ye have received, and wherein ye stand;
2 by which also ye are saved, if ye keep in memory what I preached unto you, unless ye have believed in vain.
3 For I delivered unto you first of all that which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures;
4 and that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures:

Isaiah 53 – Old testament Prophecy about Jesus

The Only Sin That Leads To Hell – Kenneth E Hagin

Vaccine News – VAXXED TV – What I Know Now & Scientists Prove Those Vaccinated for Shingles Can Infect Others with Chicken Pox

Scientists Prove Those Vaccinated for Shingles Can Infect Others with Chicken Pox

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – Jun 2011

Study – Varicella Zoster Virus DNA at Inoculation Sites and in Saliva After Zostavax Immunization

Duane L. Pierson,1 Satish K. Mehta,2 Don Gilden,corresponding author4,5 Randall J. Cohrs,4 Maria A. Nagel,4 D. Scott Schmid,6 and Stephen K. Tyring3
1 Space Life Sciences, NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
2 Enterprise Advisory Services, Inc
3 University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
4 Department of Neurology
5 Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
6 National VZV Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia

Correspondence: Don Gilden, MD, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, Box B182, Aurora, CO 80045 (ude.revnedcu@nedlig.nod).

Abstract

Analysis of 36 individuals over age 60 years who were immunized with Zostavax revealed varicella zoster virus (VZV) DNA in swabs of skin inoculation sites obtained immediately after immunization in 18 (50%) of 36 subjects (copy number per nanogram of total DNA, 28 to 2.1 × 106) and in saliva collected over 28 days in 21 (58%) of 36 subjects (copy number, 20 to 248). Genotypic analysis of DNA extracted from 9 random saliva samples identified vaccine virus in all instances. In some immunized individuals over age 60, vaccine virus DNA is shed in saliva up to 4 weeks.
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus. Primary infection usually causes varicella (chicken pox) in children. Airborne VZV enters the nasopharynx and replicates in tonsillar T cells followed by viremia and skin lesions [1, 2]. After primary infection, VZV becomes latent in neurons of cranial nerve ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, and autonomic ganglia along the entire neuraxis. Decades later, VZV reactivates in elderly and immunocompromised individuals to produce zoster (shingles), a syndrome characterized by pain and a vesicular rash on an erythematous base in 1–3 dermatomes. Zoster is common, with ∼1,000,000 cases annually in the United States. Importantly, zoster is often followed by chronic pain (postherpetic neuralgia [PHN]) as well as by meningoencephalitis, cerebellitis, cranial nerve palsies, vasculopathy, myelopathy, and multiple inflammatory diseases of the eye [3].
To prevent zoster and its attendant neurological complications, Zostavax vaccine (Merck) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in individuals at least 60 years of age. Over a 3-year period, Zostavax effectively reduced the risk of zoster by 51% and PHN by 66% in nearly 20,000 healthy adults age 60 years or older [4]. Zostavax contains live attenuated VZV, and the package insert warns newly vaccinated individuals to avoid contact for an unspecified time with newborn infants, immunosuppressed individuals, and pregnant women who have not had chicken pox or have not been immunized for chicken pox. Because VZV DNA is present in saliva of zoster patients for at least 2 weeks [5] and VZV in saliva can also be infectious [6], we examined the inoculation site and saliva of Zostavax-vaccinated subjects for the presence of VZV DNA for 4 weeks after immunization.

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – 1980

Study – Contact vaccinia from recently vaccinated British soldiers

SIR,-The recommendations and medicolegal implications of smallpox vaccination have been discussed in these columns on several occasions
(11 October 1980, p 1004; 25 October, pp 1141 and 1142).
Although vaccination for the public is no longer necessary it is worth noting, as Minerva pointed out (4 April, p 1163), that it continues to be offered to the British Army (both regular and reserve). The risk of transmission of vaccinia by recently vaccinated soldiers to their close and immediate susceptible contacts therefore is likely to increase. This has been illustrated in the following case. A 23-year-old Scottish housewife was referred to the gynaecology department of this hospital on 17 December from the local family planning clinic for confirmation of diagnosis of presumed genital herpes simplex infection. The patient had developed painful itchy lesions on the vulva one week previously and she had also noticed similar lesions on her left loin and ear lobe. On examination she had large moist umbilicated vesicles on the vulva as well as on her left hip and left ear lobe. A clinical diagnosis of vaccinia was confirmed at the regional virus laboratory, Ruchill Hospital, by electron microscopy, and vaccinia virus was isolated in cell culture. These lesions rapidly regress,.d and healed with local application of betadine paint. The history of contact with a vaccinated person was not volunteered; but on close questioning it was revealed that the patient’s husband, who had joined the Royal Air Force, had been vaccinated three weeks previously and had been home at weekends. The patient herself had not been vaccinated in the past. In 1980, of six reported incidents of contact vaccinia received by the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre,1 one was almost identical to our own case: a young woman whose soldier husband had been vaccinated three weeks previously developed genital vaccinia. Another case was in a soldier who had taken part in a boxing match and may have been infected by a colleague. The immediate and obvious question that arises is whether vaccination in the armed Forces is justifiable when there is no valid medical reason for it, and it is no longer necessary for international travel (except to Chad and democratic Kampuchea). The policy of smallpox vaccination has been discussed in a recent editorial of the Jrournal of the Royal Army Medical Corps2 and the main argument for vaccination seems to be to protect the Forces against the possible use of smallpox virus by an enemy as an agent of biological warfare. If the vaccination of the army personnel should continue because of this unlikely but perfectly feasible threat of germ warfare, one can only endorse the view that “Continued education of service personnel and their contacts about the risk and its prevention is now, therefore, even more essential than before.”3 Otherwise we might see more cases of genital vaccinia in women transmitted from recently vaccinated young, healthy, virile British soldiers.

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – Feb 2012

Study – Contact transmission of vaccinia virus from smallpox vaccinees in the United States, 2003-2011.

Wertheimer ER, Olive DS, Brundage JF, Clark LL.
Author information
Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, 11800 Tech Road, Suite 220, Silver Spring, MD 20904, USA. ellen.wertheimer@us.army.mil

Abstract
Since 2002, approximately 40,000 US civilians and 2.1 million military personnel have been vaccinated against smallpox. The vaccine contains live vaccinia virus that can be transferred through physical contact. This report summarizes numbers, rates, and characteristics of contact vaccinia cases that presented between December 2002 and March 2011. Cases were identified from reports in adverse event reporting systems and peer-reviewed literature. One hundred fifteen cases of vaccinia transmission through contact were identified (5.4 per 100,000 vaccinees); 52 reports (45%) noted laboratory confirmation. Three-quarters of vaccinees, but fewer than 8% of contact vaccinia cases, were described as military members. Most cases were household or intimate contacts (n=86, 75%) or wrestling partners (n=18, 16%) of vaccinees. Nearly all cases manifested mild, local skin reactions; of 14 hospitalized cases, one was life-threatening. Vaccinia transmission from vaccinees is relatively infrequent. Continued attention to both vaccinee education and screening for contraindications to vaccination is appropriate.