vaccinia

Vaccine News – VAXXED TV – Your facebook posts are making a difference & Study – Eczema vaccinatum resulting from the transmission of vaccinia virus from a smallpox vaccinee: an investigation of potential fomites in the home environment

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – Apr 2012

Study – Differentiating the wild from the attenuated during a measles outbreak

Nestibo L, Lee BE, Fonseca K, Beirnes J, Johnson MM, Sikora CA.
Author information
Communicable Disease Control, Alberta Health Services;

Abstractin
In the midst of a local measles outbreak, a recently immunized child was investigated for a new-onset measles-type rash. Nucleic acid testing identified that a vaccine-type measles virus was being shed in the urine. Clinically differentiating measles from a nonmeasles rash is challenging, but can be supported by a thorough medical history evaluation. Rashes are expected to occur after immunization; nucleic acid testing can be used when it is difficult to differentiate between wild and attenuated strains.

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – Jan 2009

Study – Eczema vaccinatum resulting from the transmission of vaccinia virus from a smallpox vaccinee: an investigation of potential fomites in the home environment.

Lederman E, Miramontes R, Openshaw J, Olson VA, Karem KL, Marcinak J, Panares R, Staggs W, Allen D, Weber SG, Vora S, Gerber SI, Hughes CM, Regnery R, Collins L, Diaz PS, Reynolds MG, Damon I.
Author information
Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. edith.lederman@med.navy.mil

Abstract
On March 3, 2007, a 2-year-old boy was hospitalized with eczema vaccinatum. His two siblings, one with eczema, were subsequently removed from the home. Swabs of household items obtained on March 13th were analyzed for orthopoxvirus DNA signatures with real-time PCR. Virus culture was attempted on positive specimens. Eight of 25 household samples were positive by PCR for orthopoxvirus; of these, three yielded viable vaccinia virus in culture. Both siblings were found to have serologic evidence of orthopoxvirus exposure. These findings have implications for smallpox preparedness, especially in situations where some household members are not candidates for vaccination.

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – Jan 2005

Study – Effect of different immunisation schedules on the excretion and reversion of oral poliovaccine strains.

Minor PD, Dunn G, Ramsay ME, Brown D.
Author information
National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 3QG, UK. pminor@nibsc.ac.uk

Abstract
Excretion of live oral poliovaccine and molecular markers of increased virulence in the viruses isolated were examined in children who were either previously immunised with inactivated or live vaccine or were unimmunised. There appeared to be some effect of previous immunisation with either live or killed vaccine at the second dose of live vaccine. Where an effect was seen it took the form of reduced rates of excretion, shorter time periods of excretion and more rapid and complete reversion of the excreted virus. The data are consistent with the view that poliovirus is able to escape the immune pressure in the gut to some extent by improving its general fitness rather than direct evasion of immunity.

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FOR ISRAEL Ministry – Jewish Johnathan Ben-David forgave his killer and you would not believe why!!!

How to accept Jesus Christ as your personal Saviour

Testimony by Phil Robertson from Duck Dynasty

1 Corinthians 15 Authorized (King James) Version (AKJV)
1 Moreover, brethren, I declare unto you the gospel which I preached unto you, which also ye have received, and wherein ye stand;
2 by which also ye are saved, if ye keep in memory what I preached unto you, unless ye have believed in vain.
3 For I delivered unto you first of all that which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures;
4 and that he was buried, and that he rose again the third day according to the scriptures:

Hebrews 6 Authorized (King James) Version (AKJV)
1 Therefore leaving the principles of the doctrine of Christ, let us go on unto perfection; not laying again the foundation of repentance from dead works, and of faith toward God,
2 of the doctrine of baptisms, and of laying on of hands, and of resurrection of the dead, and of eternal judgment.
3 And this will we do, if God permit.
4 For it is impossible for those who were once enlightened, and have tasted of the heavenly gift, and were made partakers of the Holy Ghost,
5 and have tasted the good word of God, and the powers of the world to come,
6 if they shall fall away, to renew them again unto repentance; seeing they crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh, and put him to an open shame.
7 For the earth which drinketh in the rain that cometh oft upon it, and bringeth forth herbs meet for them by whom it is dressed, receiveth blessing from God:
8 but that which beareth thorns and briers is rejected, and is nigh unto cursing; whose end is to be burned.

Isaiah 53 – Old testament Prophecy about Jesus

1 Who hath believed our report? and to whom is the arm of the Lord revealed?
2 For he shall grow up before him as a tender plant,and as a root out of a dry ground:he hath no form nor comeliness;and when we shall see him,there is no beauty that we should desire him.
3 He is despised and rejected of men;a man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief:and we hid as it were our faces from him;he was despised, and we esteemed him not.
4 Surely he hath borne our griefs,and carried our sorrows:yet we did esteem him stricken,smitten of God, and afflicted.
5 But he was wounded for our transgressions,he was bruised for our iniquities:the chastisement of our peace was upon him;and with his stripes we are healed.
6 All we like sheep have gone astray;we have turned every one to his own way;and the Lord hath laid on him the iniquity of us all.
7 He was oppressed, and he was afflicted,yet he opened not his mouth:he is brought as a lamb to the slaughter,and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb,so he openeth not his mouth.
8 He was taken from prison and from judgment:and who shall declare his generation? for he was cut off out of the land of the living:for the transgression of my people was he stricken.
9 And he made his grave with the wicked,and with the rich in his death;because he had done no violence,neither was any deceit in his mouth.
10 Yet it pleased the Lord to bruise him;he hath put him to grief:when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin,he shall see his seed, he shall prolong his days,and the pleasure of the Lord shall prosper in his hand.
11 He shall see of the travail of his soul, and shall be satisfied:by his knowledge shall my righteous servant justify many;for he shall bear their iniquities.
12 Therefore will I divide him a portion with the great,and he shall divide the spoil with the strong;because he hath poured out his soul unto death:and he was numbered with the transgressors;and he bare the sin of many,and made intercession for the transgressors.

The Only Sin That Leads To Hell – Kenneth E Hagin

Vaccine News – VAXXED TV – Something is Wrong & Study – Differentiation of RotaTeq® vaccine strains from wild-type strains using NSP3 gene in reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay

The JAMA Network – April 26, 2006

Study – Detection of Vaccinia DNA in the Blood Following Smallpox Vaccination

Routine administration of the smallpox vaccine ended in the United States in 1972. With the reinitiation of the US smallpox vaccination program in 2002, the risk of transmission of vaccinia virus from a recently vaccinated person to a susceptible host is a concern. Secondary transmission is biologically plausible because of evidence of viral persistence in vaccinees. Vaccinia virus has been cultured from the oropharynx of vaccine recipients with a normal course following vaccination.1 In the 1960s and 1970s, it was isolated from the blood and urine of a limited number of vaccine recipients who had complications following vaccination.2 More sensitive molecular techniques are now available for detecting viruses in clinical specimens. We describe findings using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect vaccinia DNA in smallpox vaccine recipients

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – 2014

Study – Development, production, and postmarketing surveillance of hepatitis A vaccines in China.

Cui F, Liang X, Wang F, Zheng H, Hutin YJ, Yang W.
Author information
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

Abstract
China has long experience using live attenuated and inactivated vaccines against hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. We summarize this experience and provide recent data on adverse events after immunization (AEFIs) with hepatitis A vaccines in China. We reviewed the published literature (in Chinese and English) and the published Chinese regulatory documents on hepatitis A vaccine development, production, and postmarketing surveillance of AEFI. We described the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of hepatitis A vaccines and horizontal transmission of live HAV vaccine in China. In clinical trials, live HAV vaccine was associated with fever (0.4%-5% of vaccinees), rash (0%-1.1%), and elevated alanine aminotransferase (0.015%). Inactivated HAV vaccine was associated with fever (1%-8%), but no serious AEFIs were reported. Live HAV vaccine had seroconversion rates of 83% to 91%, while inactivated HAV vaccine had seroconversion rates of 95% to 100%. Community trials showed efficacy rates of 90% to 95% for live HAV and 95% to 100% for inactivated HAV vaccine. Postmarketing surveillance showed that HAV vaccination resulted in an AEFI incidence rate of 34 per million vaccinees, which accounted for 0.7% of adverse events reported to the China AEFI monitoring system. There was no difference in AEFI rates between live and inactivated HAV vaccines. Live and inactivated HAV vaccines manufactured in China were immunogenic, effective, and safe. Live HAV vaccine had substantial horizontal transmission due to vaccine virus shedding; thus, further monitoring of the safety of virus shedding is warranted.

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – Nov 2016

Study – Differentiation of RotaTeq® vaccine strains from wild-type strains using NSP3 gene in reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay.

Jeong S – 1, Than VT – 1, Lim I – 2, Kim W – 3
Author information
1 Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
2 Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
3 Department of Microbiology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: kimwy@cau.ac.kr.

Abstract
RotaTeq® is a live attenuated human-bovine reassortant vaccine against rotaviruses that is used worldwide. However, shedding of the virus used in RotaTeq® has been detected in the feces of children following vaccination by the oral route, possibly affecting community immunity. Therefore, a simple and efficient method to discriminate between virulent and RotaTeq® vaccine strains is required. In this study, a novel one-step multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay targeting the NSP3 gene was developed to detect RotaTeq® vaccine strains in fecal samples. RotaTeq® vaccine viruses were successfully distinguished from known wild-type rotavirus genotypes. In addition, the developed assay was able to detect rotaviruses in clinical stool samples obtained from South Korea during the 2011-2013 rotavirus seasons. Of the 1106 stool specimens from children with acute gastroenteritis that were screened, 286 rotaviruses were genotyped. RotaTeq® vaccine strains were identified in 39 samples (13.6%). The novel RT-PCR assay that was developed could be used to detect and discriminate between RotaTeq® vaccine strains that are shed in fecal matter, and to estimate the quantification of virus that has been shed after vaccination.

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ONE FOR ISRAEL Ministry – Jewish Johnathan Ben-David forgave his killer and you would not believe why!!!

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Isaiah 53 – Old testament Prophecy about Jesus

The Only Sin That Leads To Hell – Kenneth E Hagin

Vaccine News – VAXXED TV – What I Know Now & Scientists Prove Those Vaccinated for Shingles Can Infect Others with Chicken Pox

Scientists Prove Those Vaccinated for Shingles Can Infect Others with Chicken Pox

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – Jun 2011

Study – Varicella Zoster Virus DNA at Inoculation Sites and in Saliva After Zostavax Immunization

Duane L. Pierson,1 Satish K. Mehta,2 Don Gilden,corresponding author4,5 Randall J. Cohrs,4 Maria A. Nagel,4 D. Scott Schmid,6 and Stephen K. Tyring3
1 Space Life Sciences, NASA, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
2 Enterprise Advisory Services, Inc
3 University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
4 Department of Neurology
5 Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora
6 National VZV Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia

Correspondence: Don Gilden, MD, Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E 19th Ave, Box B182, Aurora, CO 80045 (ude.revnedcu@nedlig.nod).

Abstract

Analysis of 36 individuals over age 60 years who were immunized with Zostavax revealed varicella zoster virus (VZV) DNA in swabs of skin inoculation sites obtained immediately after immunization in 18 (50%) of 36 subjects (copy number per nanogram of total DNA, 28 to 2.1 × 106) and in saliva collected over 28 days in 21 (58%) of 36 subjects (copy number, 20 to 248). Genotypic analysis of DNA extracted from 9 random saliva samples identified vaccine virus in all instances. In some immunized individuals over age 60, vaccine virus DNA is shed in saliva up to 4 weeks.
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a neurotropic alphaherpesvirus. Primary infection usually causes varicella (chicken pox) in children. Airborne VZV enters the nasopharynx and replicates in tonsillar T cells followed by viremia and skin lesions [1, 2]. After primary infection, VZV becomes latent in neurons of cranial nerve ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, and autonomic ganglia along the entire neuraxis. Decades later, VZV reactivates in elderly and immunocompromised individuals to produce zoster (shingles), a syndrome characterized by pain and a vesicular rash on an erythematous base in 1–3 dermatomes. Zoster is common, with ∼1,000,000 cases annually in the United States. Importantly, zoster is often followed by chronic pain (postherpetic neuralgia [PHN]) as well as by meningoencephalitis, cerebellitis, cranial nerve palsies, vasculopathy, myelopathy, and multiple inflammatory diseases of the eye [3].
To prevent zoster and its attendant neurological complications, Zostavax vaccine (Merck) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in individuals at least 60 years of age. Over a 3-year period, Zostavax effectively reduced the risk of zoster by 51% and PHN by 66% in nearly 20,000 healthy adults age 60 years or older [4]. Zostavax contains live attenuated VZV, and the package insert warns newly vaccinated individuals to avoid contact for an unspecified time with newborn infants, immunosuppressed individuals, and pregnant women who have not had chicken pox or have not been immunized for chicken pox. Because VZV DNA is present in saliva of zoster patients for at least 2 weeks [5] and VZV in saliva can also be infectious [6], we examined the inoculation site and saliva of Zostavax-vaccinated subjects for the presence of VZV DNA for 4 weeks after immunization.

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – 1980

Study – Contact vaccinia from recently vaccinated British soldiers

SIR,-The recommendations and medicolegal implications of smallpox vaccination have been discussed in these columns on several occasions
(11 October 1980, p 1004; 25 October, pp 1141 and 1142).
Although vaccination for the public is no longer necessary it is worth noting, as Minerva pointed out (4 April, p 1163), that it continues to be offered to the British Army (both regular and reserve). The risk of transmission of vaccinia by recently vaccinated soldiers to their close and immediate susceptible contacts therefore is likely to increase. This has been illustrated in the following case. A 23-year-old Scottish housewife was referred to the gynaecology department of this hospital on 17 December from the local family planning clinic for confirmation of diagnosis of presumed genital herpes simplex infection. The patient had developed painful itchy lesions on the vulva one week previously and she had also noticed similar lesions on her left loin and ear lobe. On examination she had large moist umbilicated vesicles on the vulva as well as on her left hip and left ear lobe. A clinical diagnosis of vaccinia was confirmed at the regional virus laboratory, Ruchill Hospital, by electron microscopy, and vaccinia virus was isolated in cell culture. These lesions rapidly regress,.d and healed with local application of betadine paint. The history of contact with a vaccinated person was not volunteered; but on close questioning it was revealed that the patient’s husband, who had joined the Royal Air Force, had been vaccinated three weeks previously and had been home at weekends. The patient herself had not been vaccinated in the past. In 1980, of six reported incidents of contact vaccinia received by the Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre,1 one was almost identical to our own case: a young woman whose soldier husband had been vaccinated three weeks previously developed genital vaccinia. Another case was in a soldier who had taken part in a boxing match and may have been infected by a colleague. The immediate and obvious question that arises is whether vaccination in the armed Forces is justifiable when there is no valid medical reason for it, and it is no longer necessary for international travel (except to Chad and democratic Kampuchea). The policy of smallpox vaccination has been discussed in a recent editorial of the Jrournal of the Royal Army Medical Corps2 and the main argument for vaccination seems to be to protect the Forces against the possible use of smallpox virus by an enemy as an agent of biological warfare. If the vaccination of the army personnel should continue because of this unlikely but perfectly feasible threat of germ warfare, one can only endorse the view that “Continued education of service personnel and their contacts about the risk and its prevention is now, therefore, even more essential than before.”3 Otherwise we might see more cases of genital vaccinia in women transmitted from recently vaccinated young, healthy, virile British soldiers.

US National Library of Medicine
National Institutes of Health – Feb 2012

Study – Contact transmission of vaccinia virus from smallpox vaccinees in the United States, 2003-2011.

Wertheimer ER, Olive DS, Brundage JF, Clark LL.
Author information
Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, 11800 Tech Road, Suite 220, Silver Spring, MD 20904, USA. ellen.wertheimer@us.army.mil

Abstract
Since 2002, approximately 40,000 US civilians and 2.1 million military personnel have been vaccinated against smallpox. The vaccine contains live vaccinia virus that can be transferred through physical contact. This report summarizes numbers, rates, and characteristics of contact vaccinia cases that presented between December 2002 and March 2011. Cases were identified from reports in adverse event reporting systems and peer-reviewed literature. One hundred fifteen cases of vaccinia transmission through contact were identified (5.4 per 100,000 vaccinees); 52 reports (45%) noted laboratory confirmation. Three-quarters of vaccinees, but fewer than 8% of contact vaccinia cases, were described as military members. Most cases were household or intimate contacts (n=86, 75%) or wrestling partners (n=18, 16%) of vaccinees. Nearly all cases manifested mild, local skin reactions; of 14 hospitalized cases, one was life-threatening. Vaccinia transmission from vaccinees is relatively infrequent. Continued attention to both vaccinee education and screening for contraindications to vaccination is appropriate.